President Carter s Leadership Style - 2173 Words

Leadership: Jimmy Carter, The President President Carter, while in office, was seen as perfectionist and always looking to find something wrong with a project. He possessed deep mistrust for career politicians and believed that only an outsider, like he was, would be a good moral leader. In assessing his leadership style, President Carter would fit into the directive style as explained by Van Wart. A directive style leadership â€Å"is exhibited when a leader lets subordinates know what they are expected to do, gives direction and guidance, asks subordinates to follow rules and procedures, and schedules and coordinate activities† (Van Wart, 2012, pg.37). This description might not fit someone as powerful as the President of the United States, but the case of Jimmy Carter is different. He held a firm grasp on all the activities that went on around him. Carter inherited a very troublesome office; the Cold War was at its peak, energy crises were getting worse, and economic infla tion did not help the newly sworn in president either. He believed that lifetime Washington politicians were deeply imbedded with corporations and organizations that put them there, thus he resorted to an â€Å"autocratic decision making† (Vroom and Jago, 1988) type of leadership. When time came to select his cabinet and appoint position he â€Å"ignored major interest groups that make up the Democratic Party – blue collar labor unions, city leaders, and white ethnic groups† (Haas, 1992, p. 51). This style hasShow MoreRelatedThe Executive Branch Essay1688 Words   |  7 PagesThe Executive Branch #65279;The executive branch of our government is like a chameleon. To a startling degree it reflects the character and personality of the President. Clark M. Clifford, 1972 Page 189. Ford was not a natural administrator, but he a was an experienced political professional. His practice was to steer clear of jurisdictional rivalries, avoid having confidants within his cabinet, have private sources of advice outside the cabinet, leave management and Read MoreIran Hostage Crisis1360 Words   |  6 Pagesnavy belonged to Britain, and Britain capitalized on the great opportunity of oil. Britain lost control in Iran after World War II when Mohammed Reza Pahlavi rose to power. After the exile of Reza Shah Pahlavi, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, Reza Shah Pahlavi s son, united Iran although foreign nations, the United States, Britain, and Soviet Union, were still stationed in Iran. Mohammed Reza Pahlavi was named the Shah of Iran. The Shah asked for support from the United States, who promoted an independent postwarRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Howard Fineman s The Twelve American Arguments 1579 Words   |  7 PagesSince 1776 the United States has gone through quite a lot. 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Suffering From Advanced Dementia Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(172) " unwilling participant but it should be noted that normally used engineering, such as CCTV, besides compromises privateness and is pattern in most establishments \( 7 \) \." Dementia is defined as a aggregation of symptoms that include decreased rational operation that interferes with normal life maps and there are presently over 600,000 persons populating with dementedness in the UK ( 2 ) . There are several types of dementedness and diagnosing is a complex procedure depending upon specific, chief symptoms, the order they present and how they progress over clip ( 3 ) ( Table 1 ) . As the disease progresses to the ulterior phases, it is known as advanced dementedness ( AD ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Suffering From Advanced Dementia Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Wandering is an inauspicious behavioral trait in about 60 % of dementedness sick persons ( 4,5 ) , with about 50 % of instances ensuing in persons going physically harmed, losing or deceasing ( 2,5,6 ) . Rolling is one of the primary concerns of dementedness sick persons, carers, medical professionals and their relations ( 7,8 ) and can set an AD person into an institutional scene prematurely ( 6 ) . AD sick persons wander for grounds they may happen difficult to explicate to others and it may be a pick, non merely a symptom of dementedness ( 8 ) ( Table 2 ) . Table 2 – Causes of Wandering in Individuals enduring from AD and the Reasons and Preventative Actions ( 9 ) Some Potential Causes of Rolling Reasons Preventive Actions Medication ( for depression, wakefulness and anxiousness ) Side effects can do confusion, irregularity urinary piece of land infections and agitation. Regularly review medicine. Ensure lavatories are identifiable. Insomnia Confusion over clip of twenty-four hours. Worrying about something ( future or past ) Treatment for insomnia. Discuss any concerns with patient to set their head at easiness Use relaxation techniques. Pain Rolling may supply reprieve from hurting. Persons may be looking for hurting alleviation medicine. May be unable to pass on about their hurting. Regularly discuss and reexamine hurting direction with persons particularly when they have good cognitive ability. Pain may non be a seeable hurt. Hunger / Thirst Persons may roll looking for nutrient / H2O. Ensure persons on a regular basis eat and imbibe as AD persons frequently forget to eat and imbibe. Distress Persons may experience fed up and unmotivated and wander to happen stimulation. Persons may experience they have a undertaking to make. May experience stressed about being in a secure room and demand to ‘escape ‘ . Ensure persons are encouraged to interact with other persons and motivated when they are mentally able. Allow patients to hold boundaries for rolling. Allow persons to discourse their life before AD. Use of Electronic Tagging In the early phases of the dementedness, persons have the ability to inquire for aid if they become lost when rolling but as the disease progresses and confusion additions, this is non the instance ( 5 ) . Electronic tagging ( ET ) is a signifier of surveillance and could be used with AD persons who are regarded as ‘at hazard ‘ when embarking out-of-doorss independently ( 9 ) . ET can be used in two ways: a wireless frequence signal which is used as portion of a tracker system to find the location of the ‘wanderer ‘ utilizing a manus held device or as an contraption which sets off a boundary dismay when a specified threshold is crossed ( 7 ) . The systems can be used in concurrence ( 10 ) . Tags can be discreet and wristbands are normally the labeling device of pick ( 7,10 ) , although senders which attach to apparels are available ( 11 ) . The usage of ET in dementedness has been an ongoing argument for many old ages ( 10 ) and can look to be a simple reversible argument: the wellbeing and protection of the dementedness sick person versus the violation of their human rights and privateness, but it is a more complex issue ( 7 ) . Key Ethical Aspects Justice Many persons with AD want to keep an independent life style for a long as possible but this may non be executable without supervising and security. ET can let AD persons freedom with less limitations ( 7,10 ) , which can soothe carers and relations ( 7 ) . It can besides convey comfort to the single knowing that they can be easy located if they become astray ( 5 ) , nevertheless, AD persons must to the full understand that some electronic tickets are non easy removable, even if they becomes annoying and troublesome ( 12 ) . ET may dehumanize and degrade AD persons ( 8,10 ) and has the stigma of being compared to felons or animate beings ( 12 ) . AD persons could stop up being treated ‘as objects ‘ instead than people. Additionally, as the aging population additions and, hence persons diagnosed with dementedness, institutes and carers may neglect to present good attention ( 10 ) . This is because decreased staff: patient ratio in attention places and the demand for households to work, may take to ET being used as a replacement for attention alternatively of as a support tool ( 13 ) . Technology should ne’er be a replacing for human attention and compassion ( 9 ) . Ad sick persons are capable to personality alterations and a antecedently sort, caring individual can go violent and aggressive as the dementedness progresses. This must be remembered when an person is allowed to roll independently ( 4 ) as indefensible verbal or physical onslaughts may happen on members of the populace. More frequently than non, AD persons can acquire lost, sometimes in assorted phases of undress which is undignified. ET may assist forestall this ( 7 ) , nevertheless, baffled persons may non desire to return to their topographic point of abode and coercing them to make so can do them distraught ( 9 ) . Autonomy The chief concerns environing the usage of ET are consent, privateness and freedom. The Human Rights Act 1998 states that â€Å" everyone has the right to esteem for his private and household life, his place and his correspondence † ( 14 ) every bit good as the â€Å" right to liberty and security † ( 15 ) . Families and carers tend to be centred on the safety of the person and non the violation of privateness ( 10 ) and some critics have stated that the concern over invasion of privateness is merely an issue if the person has something to conceal. This is non a good plenty ground to implement ET upon an unwilling participant but it should be noted that normally used engineering, such as CCTV, besides compromises privateness and is pattern in most establishments ( 7 ) . You read "Suffering From Advanced Dementia Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" AD persons should non experience coerced into ET out of sense of responsibility to their carers and p ath for independency. ET should besides non be enforced merely because it may be a routinely used pattern in their attention place ( 12 ) . This is a future concern as ET may be used as a ‘treatment ‘ by medical professionals for persons in infirmaries under the Mental Health ( Care and Treatment ) ( Scotland ) Act 2003 ( 9 ) . This would get rid of the patients ‘ freedom of pick. While a individual enduring from dementedness still has rational capableness, they have the right to make up one’s mind whether to take part in ET. This determination can be made in progress of losing rational capacity ( 4 ) . A instance survey in France by Faucounau et Al, 2009 demonstrated that AD persons who still have some cognitive ability favoured the usage of electronic tagging ( 16 ) . Consent for ET should ever be obtained prior to utilize, from the person or their power of lawyer ( 5 ) and must be reviewed at on a regular basis as people have the right to alter their head ( 12 ) . It must besides be remembered that cognitive ability can change daily and even though an AD person has antecedently had the capableness to make up one’s mind to utilize ET ( 9 ) , there would be no point in leting person, who is holding an highly baffled twenty-four hours, to roll entirely. If they are deemed non to be in the right head frame, they should still be able to go forth th eir premises but with equal supervising from a care-giver. Options to ET include utilizing unafraid suites, picture surveillance, restraints and medicine ( 5,7 ) , which can hold inauspicious effects ( 2 ) ( Table 2 ) . Subjective barriers can besides be used in which the doors are concealed behind mirrors or drapes but this can take to psychosocial torment ( 7 ) . ET appears to be one of the least restrictive methods of keeping an AD patient. Engagement in ET can non lie with the AD patient entirely if they live with partners or other relations. The co-operation and age of the ET locater users must besides be considered. Family members may be aged and happen utilizing the locater hard without sufficient preparation and pattern. Locator devices require the usage of a nomadic phone/computer and internet entree and most participants are acute and willing to larn this new engineering ( 16 ) . Wellbeing General wellness and well-being can be improved with physical exercising and ‘wandering ‘ could be classed as a physical activity ( 9 ) . Leting AD patients to roll does hold hazards but deficiency of exercising can besides be damaging ( weakening of castanetss, hapless musculuss mass and impaired balance ) ( 17 ) . ET can ease independent physical activity and better quality of life ( 7 ) by leting longer independent life. Boundary systems would alarm carers to an single go forthing a designated country but would non halt them from making so or prevent injury. This is why it should be used in concurrence with a tracker system ( 9 ) . ET besides can non state you what the person is making when they wander ( 8 ) . Boundary dismaies may be utile in a infirmary environment when dementedness patients are admitted ( for a non-physical ground ) . There may non be equal staff Numberss in a ward or clip to adequately supervise rolling patients and boundary dismaies can halt patients go forthing their topographic point of safety. However in this scene, the patients self-respect may be affected as triping the dismaies could be mortifying and persons may experience like a load on staff ( 9 ) . Another job country lies in the industry and dependability of electronic tickets in built up countries ( 10 ) . Devicess are besides battery operated and are rendered useless if the batteries run out ( 12 ) . This shows that the usage of ET to protect from injury is null ( 10 ) . Policy / Practice / Regulatory Frameworks There are no current Torahs or statute laws refering the specific usage of ET ( 5 ) , nevertheless, the Mental Health Act 1983 includes consent to intervention ( 18 ) . ET can be thought of as a signifier of intervention, assisting AD persons maintain independency and public assistance. Section 58 of the Mental Health Act states that â€Å" a patient shall non be given any signifier of intervention†¦ †¦ unless he has consented to that intervention † and subdivision 60 declares â€Å" where the consent of the patient to any intervention has been given†¦ †¦ .at any clip before the completion of the intervention retreat his consent † . This should protect the AD single whilst ET is regarded as an optional tool for dementedness but the likeliness is that it may go compulsory, particularly in hospital scenes, in which instance subdivision 63 ( intervention non necessitating consent ) of the Mental Health Act could use. This would let physicians to implement ET if it is thought to forestall impairment and better the dementedness symptoms ( 18 ) . As a consequence, specific statute laws and protocols need to be introduced ( 5 ) to protect all stakeholders. Decision ET appears to hold the right balance between safekeeping of an AD person and independent freedom ( 13 ) when used in the right scenes and helps ease the concern of rolling jobs for relations, carers and medical professionals. Early surveies have shown positive consequences and attitudes from participants ( 19,20 ) . Nevertheless, ET should non be an alternate to staff supervising in establishments ( 12 ) as a diminution in personal contact, supervising and attention can cut down quality of life ( 4,5 ) . In add-on, ET should non be a replacement for understanding the patients need to roll ( 7 ) . There have been several successful surveies including the ‘Safe Walking ‘ strategy in Edinburgh which used ET to supervise the motions of aged patients. Early studies from this survey stated that the participants ‘ households feel that it prevented their relations from traveling into attention and allowed them to populate independently for longer ( 19 ) . Additionally, a survey in Spain used ET to turn up lost Alzheimer sick persons. Alert signals were raised when the persons strayed outdoors defined boundaries and besides activated by the constabulary control Centre if the person became lost ( 20 ) . Due to the success of the survey, ET is now used routinely across Spain for Alzheimer ‘s patients ( 9 ) . Future considerations should include the cost deductions of ET. Who should pay for ET – NHS or in private funded? Can the authorities warrant the cost deductions of buying ET systems for each person with AD who wants to stay living independently at place? Is the cost of ET cheaper than the cost of infirmary admittances due to harm obtained due to rolling? Are options cheaper such as tranquilising medicines to forestall roving? Could the cost of ET increase the cost of an person in a attention place? All these inquiries need to be answered before ET can be to the full implemented into society. How to cite Suffering From Advanced Dementia Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Do not go gentle into that good night and death be not proud free essay sample

â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night,† is an insightful poem written by Dylan Thomas. It is a Villanelle, a nineteen-line form of poetry. The message Dylan Thomas is trying to communicate through this poem is that the elderly should not be discouraged and feel hopeless due to their age. Thomas seems to think it is not honorable or befitting for a great or interesting man to die quietly in old age and he encourages the reader to think that death is something that should be fought rather than mutely accepted. The poem is a statement about living a strong life and refusing to go down quietly just as easily as it can be read as a poem about death and the process of dying or aging. All through the poem, the poet speaks about fighting the inevitable death and being strong till the last moment despite knowing that death cannot be avoided. We will write a custom essay sample on Do not go gentle into that good night and death be not proud or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All of it seems to target any old man nearing death until the last Stanza in which he addresses his father and says : And you, my father, there on the sad height, Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray. And then he repeats what have said earlier in the poem : Do not go gentle into that good night. Rage, rage against the dying of the light. And by that he urges his dying father to resist and fiercely fight death, which makes the poets tone more personal. While in the other poem, The Holy Sonnet 10 Death be not proud, by John Donne. Right off the bat, the poet starts bashing on death and treating it like a person. He tells Death not to be so proud, because hes really not that frightening, despite that many people think that so. The poet then speaks in contradictions by saying that people do not really meet Death, and neither will the poet. He then compares death to things that are not scary at all, rest and sleep. He then says that only the good die young, whilst the best know that death is not scary at all, but it brings pleasure instead. The poet then kicks it up a notch, as if all that bashing was not enough. The poet calls death a Delivery of the soul, while the bones have a rest. He then calls him a slave of Fate, chance, kings, and desperate men and accuses him of hanging out with the weak and lowlifes poison, war, and sickness. And that after all, the poet doesnt need death, for he can just take drugs, and it will have the same effect, falling asleep. So the poet compares death to falling asleep, a painless process of temporary rest, After which one will wake up from death and find himself in Eternity, and once that happens, it will seems as though Death has died

The Possible Future Of Mankind Essays - Technology,

The Possible Future of Mankind The future of mankind is not carved in stone, so to speak... The future is as yet undefined, but I can give you a general idea of what will happen. First I will explain the basic premises of sentient evolution. A. STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT 1. Gatherer This stage is the first in any sentient species... and is simply the people gathering their food and other materials... and then someone discovers that throwing a rock at a small animal will often kill it, and hunting is born. 2. Hunter Stage 2 is a little more organized... now the people are hunting for their food and clothing. The basic tools of this stage are the two most easily obtainable objects: rocks and sticks. As the people become more intelligent, they invent such things as the bow and arrow, spears, etc. Coincidentally, this is also the stage in which the minor concept known as 'war' first began... well it isn't minor... One day someone gets tired of running after his lunch, and decides to have some fruit, drops the seeds on the ground, comes back next year, and look and behold, a small fruit tree has appeared. He then tries it with other seeds, and gets similar results. Agriculture is born. 3. Agriculture Now, people are really getting smart and organized. They live in towns and cities. The overall quality of life increases and the time frame is growing shorter, history-wise. New forms of technology are developed to aid in crop yield, and this sparks the next stage... Industry. 4. Industrial Welcome to the industrial revolution! The general quality of life is more or less acceptable. The cities are larger, days are shorter, and the streets are filthier. As people become more educated, the level of technology increases exponentially, and now there is a new presence on the block... Curiousity. This curiousity is what makes the next stage so involved. When people are driven to exploration, they discover better technology. Thusly, we enter the Technological stage. 5. Technological This stage has 3 levels: A. Level 1, Exploration and utilization of an entire planet's resources. B. Level 2, is the exploration and utilization of a solar system's resources. C. Level 3, the exploration and utilization of a galaxy's resources. 6. Divinical Well, after we conquer the galaxy, so to speak, we have the rest of the universe to explore. As this is the final stage of all evolution, there are few, if any, limits to potential, in the sense that when we acheive this, we'll be able to do virtually anything. This stage can also be called Godhood. B. EXPLANATION OF GODHOOD 1. Speculation What we know as "God" could be simply a race of beings that completed their evolutionary process, and 'seeded' and/or terraformed suitable worlds with life, as an experiment...it appears to have been partially successful in our case, if in fact that is what really occurred. We will never know, but our descendants might. Is that our Destiny? It is a bright future indeed. "I gotta wear shades..." If any, limits to potential, in the sense that when we acheive this, we'll be able to do virtually anthing.

A Tyrannical Empire essays

A Tyrannical Empire essays The Founding Fathers established our country in the basis of freedom. It is this freedom that separates us from tyranny and what makes up America. The accusation was made in our Declaration of Independence against King George III as a result by the tyranny of Great Britain. Politically, the tyranny of George III had severed ties with America with their ideal of Virtual Representation. Socially, the George III s tyranny acted as an instrument of depriving American residents of their Empire by limiting their basic rights. Economically, his tyranny over America directly caused a downward direction of economic expansion with various wrongful acts and imposing taxes. Thus, these transformations in American colonial society were a result of George III tyrannical usurpations and made up the statement condemning him and his empire of their acts in the Declaration of Independence. The accusation made against George III is politically justified in several ways. Virtual Representation is a complete polar opposite of what the Americans held their belief of politics by. Americans wanted to be represented by their own distinct representative to make their laws. On the other hand, the Britishs idea of absolute sovereignty over America was that even though America did not have representatives in Parliament, they were still represented because America resided in the British Empire. This was viewed as absurd to both sides and while America wanted shared sovereignty and British absolute none had reached a resolution. The reason being is that during the period of salutary neglect, which lasted close to a century, (approx. from 1689-1763) the Americans relied on themselves to run the colonies. It was also an inter-colonial job that created an image of self-identity. These opposing views thus severed ties and Americans led to repel away from the British. This was why such an accusation was made against George III. Moreover, by ...

3 Problems of Nonparallel Interjections

3 Problems of Nonparallel Interjections 3 Problems of Nonparallel Interjections 3 Problems of Nonparallel Interjections By Mark Nichol In a post published recently, I discussed simple problems of parallelism in sentence construction. Here are three examples of more complex errors involving corresponding sentence elements. 1. â€Å"Low-interest rates have been one of the primary, if not the primary factor in extending the real estate boom in the United States.† The corresponding phrases in this sentence are neither parallel nor complete. First, the additional consideration (â€Å"if not the primary factor†) must be structured as an interjection, meaning that it has to be bracketed parenthetically by commas, em dashes, or parentheses. (Which method you choose depends on the emphasis you want to give the interjection: Parentheses minimize the interruption, commas are the default punctuation for separating an interrupting phrase from the main sentence, and em dashes call attention to the inserted phrase.) In this case, â€Å"if not the primary factor† must be set off from the rest of the sentence with punctuation before and after; any of the three punctuation forms is appropriate. However, there’s more work to be done. The key to correctly constructing a sentence with an interjection is that if the interjection is omitted, the sentence is still complete. But read this version of the sentence with the interjection omitted: â€Å"Low-interest rates have been one of the primary in extending the real estate boom in the United States.† Obviously, factors must be inserted after the first use of primary in additional to the inclusion of the singular form of the word in the interjection: â€Å"Low-interest rates have been one of the primary factors, if not the primary factor, in extending the real estate boom in the United States.† 2. â€Å"Talk of a name change has struck some political observers as not only a merely cosmetic, but also as a pointless gesture.† As with the previous example, this sentence lacks a correctly framed interjection â€Å"but also as a pointless† must be set off from the rest of the sentence: â€Å"Talk of a name change has struck some political observers as . . . a merely cosmetic gesture.† (The ellipsis marks the omission of â€Å"not only,† which as part of the â€Å"not only . . . but also† comparative device is technically a part of the interjection.) The corrected sentence should read, â€Å"Talk of a name change has struck some political observers as not only a merely cosmetic, but also a pointless, gesture.† (Note the omission of the second instance of as.) Better yet, convert the interjection to a sentence-ending tag: â€Å"Talk of a name change has struck some political observers as not only a merely cosmetic gesture but also a pointless one.† 3. â€Å"He could have, but he didn’t, press for a clear, bilateral agreement on immigration.† Use the interjection-omission test described above to analyze this sentence’s problem: Without the (correctly punctuated) interjection, the sentence erroneously reads â€Å"He could have press for a clear, bilateral agreement on immigration.† A hypercorrection featuring logical correspondence at the expense of readability is â€Å"He could have pressed, but he didn’t press, for a clear, bilateral agreement on immigration.† As with the previous example, the sentence is best repaired by moving the interjection to the end of the sentence: â€Å"He could have pressed for a clear, bilateral agreement on immigration, but he didn’t.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Math or Maths?â€Å"As Well As† Does Not Mean â€Å"And†While vs. Whilst

Siemens bribery scandal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Siemens bribery scandal - Essay Example Increase in the number of executives that have knowledge of the corruption that took place in Siemens has caused a spur in people regarding the extent to which von Pierer was aware of the corruption. However, the supervisory board chairman has maintained a firm opinion in these words, â€Å"Im deeply upset by what has happened† (Spiegel Online, 2006) and is surprised by the fact that few of the workers managed to eradicate all checks and balances. â€Å"It is hard to believe that something on this scale could be so organised and that no control was in place to catch it† (PILOT, 2012). However, there is a need to consider this act of Siemens in context of the business practices in place in Germany. This act happened at a time in which, bribery was not only a common practice in the businesses in Germany, but were also tax-deductible. The fact that Siemens appointed Hershman for the company’s assistance in the development of an effective anti-corruption program after the scandal of Siemens bribery broke out also speaks of the fact that no adequate system of checks and balances was in place in Siemens at the time when the bribery was made. Multinational corporations like Siemens are well-equipped to establish a strong system of checks and balances. Therefore, lack of an adequate system of checks and balances can be understood as ignorance and negligence of the concerned authorities in Siemens. â€Å"Corporations are better positioned to deal with corruption than governments, particularly publicly listed multinationals. They have lots of checks and balances that should prevent corruption. When we bring multinationals together with other private sector companies to work in collaboration, we can start putting pressure on governments to help lower their risk of corruption.† (Hershman cited in Kessler, 2012). Concluding, the processes of check and balance were extremely feeble and this helped the processing of payments. The corporate culture of

Lack of Universal Healthcare amongst people of Low Socioeconomic Essay

Lack of Universal Healthcare amongst people of Low Socioeconomic Status - Essay Example The situation has not changed since then. Pappas et al. has found that between 1960 and 1986, the gap between the mortality of people coming from low financial status and high financial status had increased a lot (Adler & Stewart, 2010, p.8). It was also found that as the income increases, the mortality rate decreases (Adler & Stewart, 2010, p.8). This makes it very clear that vulnerability to diseases and mortality of a person strongly depends on his financial status (Adler & Stewart, 2010, p.8). People in adult age group coming from lower income families suffer from poor health five times more than the people coming from high income families (Adler & Stewart, 2010, p.5). The sad thing is that, this situation applies even in case of children. Cohen et al. found that children belonging to lower SES families are more likely to develop health problems like â€Å"injury, asthma, ear diseases, physical inactivity etc.†, than the children from higher SES families (Adler & Stewart, 2010, p.9). One of the main factors for this difference is the environment. Environmental Hazards It has been found that the toxic waste of the different nature is dumped in areas where people from lower SES live (Adler & Stewart, 2010, p.12). These people are exposed to environmental hazards and they lack the resources to fight these hazards (Adler & Stewart, 2010, p.12). Moreover, people living in the lower SES communities follow unhealthy lifestyle as they are addicted to junk food, smoking, drugs and physical lethargy (Adler & Stewart, 2010, p.12). Also, the number of people who smoke is very large in the lower SES communities. This affects not only the health of people who smoke but also the health of their children and their neighbors...This paper presents the study of the background and the researches regarding the health disparity due to lower socioeconomic status. Every nation should try to provide equal treatment and opportunities to its people, regardless of their backgro und and socioeconomic status. As it is a birthright of every human being to enjoy health care facilities provided by the government and the health sectors. Living a healthy life is not only beneficial for personal life but is also important for healthy growth of the nation. The health disparity is also the result of the increase in the inequality level of the income in last thirty years. This disparity in the income level has severely distorted the equal distribution of health and social resources. In today’s world, where every little problem of human beings is solved with the help of innovative ideas and technology, the helpless situation experienced by people with lower SES is a blot on human. Health disparity occurs when certain groups of people do not get access to the available health resources due to their disadvantageous social or personal status. For example, people belonging to lower SES do not get proper and easy access to health screening, treatment options, culturally knowledgeable staff personnel, information on health benefits etc. The only way to eradicate the disparity in health care for people coming from lower SES is to provide them with adequate environmental facilities along with health care programs. However, what is most important is to make them feel cared for.

Fresh Direct Essay Example for Free

Fresh Direct Essay I. Statement and description of central issue (1 page; 2 minutes) II. Identification/description of alternatives (2 pages; 4 minutes) III. Rationale for selection of best alternative (3 pages; 6 minutes) IV. Description of implementation plan (1 page; 2 minutes) V. Conclusion (1/2 page; 1 minute) Statement/description of central issue †¢ Clearly states issue to be responded to with recommendations †¢ Explains underlying tension to justify why this is an issue †¢ Cites case facts as evidence to clarify why uncertainty requires attention Identification/description of alternatives †¢ Presents viable possible solutions to central issue †¢ Explains how each proposed alternative will address/resolve central issue Rationale for selection of best alternative †¢ Explains pros/cons of each alternative †¢ Explains why chosen alternative is preferred to others despite limitations Analysis †¢ Uses facts and data from case appropriately †¢ Uses appropriate techniques and frameworks December 10, 2012 Group 12H Kaizer Budhwani Chanwoo Lee â€Å"Our food is fresh, our customers are spoiled. Order on the web today and get next-day delivery of the best food at the best price, exactly the way you want it, with 100 percent satisfaction guaranteed.† Section. I – Statement and description of central issue FreshDirect was launched in July 2001 and it offers over 5,000 perishable products and 3,000 packaged goods through online shopping and delivery service to more than 300 zip codes in New York City, Long Island, New Jersey, and Connecticut. The central issue for FreshDirect which came as the online grocery retailing business continued to mature is environmental concerns. First, because of the conveyor packing system at the central processing facility in Long Island, FreshDirect is forced to use lots of cardboard boxes to deliver the groceries. Produce came in on box, dry goods in another, and a single tube of toothpaste in its separate cardboard delivery container. Although FreshDirect had transitioned to the use of 100 percent postconsumer recycled paper, the reusability of the cardboard boxes is limited. There is no system of returning them to FreshDirect to be recycled. Second, the additional exhaust fumes that FreshDirect trucks contribute to the urban atmosphere is an environmental issue. As the company relies on the central processing facility in order to avoid expensive rent for a retail space, the company uses its owned refrigerated trucks which can hold 500 orders to deliver the goods to their customer’s doorsteps and office parking lots. When the minimum order is $30 and the company’s revenue is $250 million, anyone can guess how many trucks have been operated and produced exhaust fumes. Third, FreshDirect trucks double parked in busy city streets had only made the traffic congestion problems worse. The trucks park in city streets in order to deliver goods to each customer’s doorsteps and it takes substantial amount of time. Section. II – Identification and description of alternatives In order to reduce the amount of cardboard boxes usage, FreshDirect can promote recycle system. Every time when customers finish orders, the company emphasizes on the after-order page that if the customer returns the cardboard boxes, FreshDirect will give credits to the customer for the next purchase discount. This promotion will increase customers’ awareness of recyclability of the cardboard boxes and encourage them to return the boxes to a delivery agent. Another alternative to the cardboard boxes usage is to use the current SAP manufacturing software system to reduce the cardboard boxes usage. Instead of putting almost everything separately, develop a software system that will figure out the minimum number of cardboard boxes used to pack an order. This will reduce the cardboard boxes usage in the first place. In order to reduce the additional exhaust fumes that FreshDirect trucks contribute to the urban atmosphere, FreshDirect will use electric trucks and hybrid trucks that will consume less or no gas at all. With the recent electric and hybrid car movement, FreshDirect could get fund from government which will help the company to buy trucks needed. Another alternative to the additional exhaust fumes is the company to build partnerships with local retail stores to hold onto FreshDirect customers’ packaged goods. FreshDirect will pay handsome money to local retailers and customers will pay less on delivery charges due to the customers themselves picking up the goods at the local retailers. FreshDirect will operate fewer routes and produce less exhaust fumes since the delivery agent will drop off packaged goods in one place. In order to solve the traffic congestion problems, FreshDirect will also apply the system of partnering with local retailers. Instead of the delivery truck parked on a city street and delivers the goods to each customer’s houses, if the delivery is made at one place, the truck will save some time on delivery and it will reduce traffic congestion. One alternative is instead of hiring just a delivery person at a minimum wage, hire experience delivery person and train them with high quality training program in order to achieve faster and efficient delivery process. The delivery time reduction will reduce traffic congestion. Another alternative is to build a partnership with existing delivery service companies such as FedEx or UPS. This partnership will reduce the number of FreshDirect trucks running. If the goods don’t required refrigerating, then another delivery service company can deliver them and reduce traffic congestions.

Communism :: Communism Essays

"Every line I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism," reads the preface to George Orwell’s satire, Animal Farm. The rest of that line, which reads "And for Democratic Socialism as I understand it," was omitted from the 1956 edition of the book. Orwell has been called a traitor to the socialists, while at the same time becoming a sort of hero to the right wing. Animal Farm is not only a parody of Stalinist Russia, it also demonstrates that Russia wasn’t truly a Social Democracy. Orwell criticizes Marx while maintaining his own beliefs in Democratic Socialism. These beliefs are apparent in what Old Major calls Animalism. Animalism originates in a speech by Old Major, Farmer Jones’ prize boar. Old Major is to Animalism what Marx and Lenin are to Communism. Old Major is able to gather the animals in the barn, to give his talk. Both Marx and Lenin would have thought this difficult because they believed that that the proletariat would always be more concerned with work and survival than revolution or radical change. Once the animals are gathered, Old Major recounts a dream he had the previous night. He tries to explain to the animals, their place in life and how they can get out of it. This is what Marx tried to do in his writing. In The Communist Manifesto and A Contribution to the Political Economy Marx wrote about the proletariats appreciation of social position and the corrupt ways of Capitalism. "It is not the consciousness of men that determines their being, wrote Marx, "But on the contrary, the social being that determines their consciousness." Marx is saying that there is no inherent reason workers should be oppressed, and they don’t see the injustice in it, because it is all they know. This is what Old Major says to the animals in the barn: Why do we continue in this miserable condition? Because nearly the whole of the produce of our labour is stolen from us by human beings. There comrades is the answer to all of our problems: It is summed up in a single word, man. Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. He sets the animals to work, he gives them the bare minimum that will keep them from starving, and the rest he keeps for himself. Only get rid of man, and the produce of our labour would be

‘Macbeth’ by William Shakespeare Essay

Shakespeare wrote ‘Macbeth’ between 1603 and 1606 for King James 1st (England) and 6th (Scotland). It’s about a tale of royalty treachery heroes and witches. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth 1 the public were full of tales of witches and evil. Witchcraft was a subject that the English took very seriously. They believed that a witch had a third nipple under her arm. They burned women or threw them in lakes to see if they floated, if they did, they were sentenced to death. It is estimated that in Scotland between 1564 and 1603 eight thousand suspected witches were burned to death. These executions did not cease until the end of the seventeenth century. The sight of witches in an Elizabethan theatre would have been terrifying for the audience. For my English coursework on Macbeth I have chosen to look at act one scene one, two and three. This is due to the simple fact that it is the introduction to the play and indeed it sets the feel to the whole play In Shakespeare’s play, we open during a thunderstorm; this prepares us for the evil witches. Three witches come onto the stage: ‘When shall we three meet again In thunder, lightning, or in rain?’ The first witch asks what the setting shall be for their next meeting, thunder, lightning and rain conditions that most people would find frightening and would stay away from. The second witch says that they will meet: ‘When the hurlyburly’s done, When the battle’s lost and won.’ We then find out that they are going to meet on ‘the heath.’ They have insight into the future. The witches tell us that they are going to meet Macbeth. We do not know who Macbeth is or why the witches are meeting him, but we think that he must be evil because he is linked with the witches. Their familiars call to them and they disappear chanting: ‘Fair is foul, and foul is fair:’ This expresses the main themes in the play, the reversal of fortunes, and the fact that appearance can be deceptive. And we later see Macbeth is ‘fair’ in Duncan’s eyes but underneath he is ‘foul’, he will later betray Duncan. The opening scene is exactly thirteen lines long, thirteen is unlucky and in those times unlucky things were bad. So by this point the audience will have picked up that these are bad people. Scene two opens in a camp near the battlefield; King Duncan, Malcolm and Donalbain, his sons, and Lennox are present. They see a bleeding Captain and ask him how the battle is going. The Captain tells them how well Macbeth fights: ‘For brave Macbeth – well he deserves that name-†¦ Till he unseamed him from the nave to the chops, And fixed his head upon our battlements.’ This is portraying a picture of a tall and strong man who is highly regarded by the experienced fighters in the army. Duncan then praises Macbeth by calling him ‘O valiant cousin, worthy gentleman’ This presents us with a very different view of the main character, a relative of the king’s, well brought up, a courtier, but still highly regarded. The Captain then goes on to tell us of how Macbeth and Banquo responded to a fresh attack by the Norweyan lord, Sweno: ‘†¦they Doubly redoubled strokes upon the foe. Except they meant to bathe in reeking wounds, Or to memorise another Golgotha, I cannot tell-‘ Macbeth and Banquo had fought back twice as hard as if they meant to kill every man there or to create a new burial ground, he could not tell. This shows how good and strong Macbeth is in battle. The Captain goes and Ross and Angus arrive. They tell Duncan that ‘Bellona’s bridegroom’ had won the battle. Macbeth had won and they were painting him as a god. They also tell Duncan that the Thane of Cawdor was a traitor’, Duncan decides to reward Macbeth by giving him the Thane of Cawdor’s title. This is ironic because Macbeth will become a traitor too. We now have two opinions of Macbeth, one evil Macbeth, linked to the witches, and one good Macbeth, a noble warrior who has fought well in battle to protect his country. The third scene is set on the heath, the witches are there, and telling each other what they have been doing since they last met. The first witch wants to put a spell on a sailor whose wife refused to give her chestnuts. She is going to toss his ship about and make sure that he does not sleep. This is reflected when Macbeth can not sleep later on in the play. The third witch shouts: ‘A drum, a drum! Macbeth doth come.’ They know that it is Macbeth, this too shows the witches’ insight. A drum is significant because it is a military symbol. We now meet Macbeth and Banquo. The first words Macbeth say are: ‘So fair and foul a day I have not seen.’ This reflects the words of the witches: ‘Fair is foul, and foul is fair.’ Which tells us that he is in tune with them and therefore in tune with evil. It is Macbeth who demands to hear what the witches have to say: ‘Speak, if you can: what are you?’ They acclaim him: ‘All hail Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis! All hail Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor! All hail Macbeth! That shalt be king hereafter!’ Macbeth starts and Banquo asks him why. The witches have seen his thoughts and know his ambitions, he is afraid to hear that other people know his desires. Banquo asks them what the future holds for him and the witches reply: ‘Hail! Hail! Hail! Lesser than Macbeth, and greater. Not so happy, yet much happier. Thou shalt get kings, though thou be none:’ Then they disappear again into the mist. Macbeth is not happy with the information he has received and demands that they stay and tell him how he is to become Thane of Cawdor and the king. The audience will now be itching to see if the latest predictions are true: after all, the previous have all now happened. Ross and Angus arrive on the scene, they have come from the king to award Macbeth with the title of the Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth doesn’t know that the Thane has been sentenced to death for betraying the king: ‘The thane of Cawdor lives. why do you dress me In borrowed robes?’ Banquo is amazed that the witches are right: ‘What, can the devil speak true?’ Macbeth thinks to himself: ‘Glamis, and thane of Cawdor: The greatest is behind.’ He thinks that they are evil and will bring about Macbeth’s downfall: ‘And oftentimes, to win us to our harm, The instruments of darkness tell us truths, Win us with honest trifles, to betray’s In deepest consequence.’ Macbeth thinks about Banquo’s words and fights with his ambition and decides to let fate take its course: ‘If chance will have me king, why chance may crown me, Without my stir.’ In any screen version, ‘Macbeth on the Estate’, I expect a great warrior, respected by the king and fellow noblemen of Scotland. His best friend, Banquo is always by his side, and both dressed in armour coming from battle, with wounds. Macbeth should be about thirty-five to forty, he should be strong and masculine, as he has the strength to unseam a man: ‘†¦from the nave to the chops.’ I review now two modern interpretations of the play the first will be, ‘Macbeth on the Estate’ is set on the Ladywood Estate in Birmingham; this is the first difference between the screen version and the text. We open on a desolate estate, you can hear the wind, it is misty, dull, dark and grey. The high rise flats break the skyline. The ground is covered in mud and rubble, something used to be there but has been destroyed. A character comes on scene, he isn’t a witch, he is the Thane of Fife, Macduff. He is wearing a black tracksuit and speaks with a Jamaican accent, his words have rhythm. He tells us that what we are about to see, that Duncan is king and that he has become fat and lazy, he is no longer a good king. He tells us that there had been some problems and Duncan had told Macbeth to sort them out. The screen blacks and we see the title, when we return, we get a view from a smashed window, signifying violence. There is eerie music playing in the background, the estate is empty, abandoned. We get a clip of an alley, there are rats running around in it, this shows disease, dirt and decay. We then get a shot of a building, and a shot of another building with some children playing outside it, some men come along and they run away. The camera moves to the inside of a house, the door is kicked in and the men run into the house. The characters are introduced by freeze-frame the first man, the leader is Macbeth, he is wearing jeans and a dark jumper, this may suggest that he is evil. The other characters are introduced including Duncan, who is not at the battle. He is in a Public House; smoking and drinking, he is wearing a bright shirt, which is not buttoned, he is lazy and immoral, he is not as nice a king as Shakespeare’s Duncan. This makes Macbeth seem less evil when he kills him. The production is not about good fighting evil, it is about bad fighting worse. Shakespeare meant this as a morality play, however this is not a moral king and I feel that it makes me feel more sympathy for Macbeth when he betrays Duncan. The camera brings us back to the house, they are using pepper spray and baseball bats. The image is extremely violent. The television is switched on and Macbeth is distracted by it. The National Lottery is on, he seems drawn to it and is then disgusted by it and smashes the screen. Upstairs Malcolm and Macduff are fighting when they see the Thane of Cawdor, Malcolm jumps out the window Macduff is pushed down the stairs and they go back to tell Duncan. Macbeth comes up the stairs and gets trapped with Banquo. We go back to the Public House, where Malcolm and Macduff have just arrived Macduff keeps pushing Malcolm away. He tells Duncan of how the battle is progressing. This is the role of the Captain in the play. In the play we don’t see the battle, this shows us a more violent side to Macbeth, however it shows him as a warrior, not just a nobleman and a loving husband. We hear that Macbeth has won the battle and all the men are praising him. Duncan decides to reward Macbeth with the title the Thane of Cawdor, he sends men to kill the present Cawdor and deliver the message to Macbeth. We then have another extra scene, they drag Cawdor to a car. Three children, the witches, have just broken the window. Cawdor is shut in the car and Malcolm sets it alight. He takes his punishment and does not attempt to escape. A close up on his face shows his disclaim for the learning Malcolm I think that Macbeth would do the same, they are alike, they are both traitors. The camera then follows the black smoke upwards. The eerie music is still playing in the background. We see Macbeth and Banquo walking past a building, voices start to shout from windows and doorways. The voices get faster and come from all over the building. The camera follows the sound. Macbeth moves to go into the building, he seems drawn to it, Banquo tries to stop him but he walks in. They go up some stairs, Macbeth seems to be following something and leads Banquo under some low gaps in the wall to a room. They go in and the witches are standing there. There are candles and tarot cards in the room. They speak to him and he scorns them. The witches are not as frightening as Shakespeare’s witches are; they do not have the same effect. A car horn beeps and Banquo leaves, Macbeth lingers, again drawn to the evil, and keeps looking at them, walking backwards through the door. They walk out onto the balcony, Macduff and Ross are waiting in a car below, and they tell Macbeth that he is the new Thane of Cawdor and that the old Thane is dead. They get into the car to go to Duncan. We get a close-up of Macbeth in the car, he looks out of the window and thinks about all that has happened ‘if chance shall have me King, why chance may crown me Without my stir Ross is saying the porter’s speech; this scene is used after the murder of Duncan in the play. They reach the public house and again Macbeth is the first person to come through the door, he gives Duncan money and then starts a pretend fight with him. Duncan gives him his ring as a reward, he has a tattoo saying ‘love’ on his hand. I think that this shows that he is close to Macbeth. The scenes in the screen version are not in the same order as in the play. The actors are using Shakespearean language in a modern setting. I do not think that this works well. I think that the Macbeth on the screen reacts well with the witches, he is drawn to them. The screen version of Macbeth is not what I imagined him to be like; he is not a well-built man. Banquo is closer to my image of Macbeth. He does not seem to be in an army, whereas in the play there was a military tie with the drum. The fight seems to be a turf-war over drugs. Duncan is not as moral as Shakespeare made him, he smokes and drinks alcohol, he is not a good king. The setting is different, the scenes are not the same, and the morality aspect has changed. The screen version does not portray Macbeth as the tragic hero. He is not the Macbeth I expected to see. The second screen version I am going to look at is ‘Granada’, again I expected to see a great warrior, but now I am more curious after seeing the Macbeth on ‘Macbeth on the estate’. The ‘Granada’ version shows us an even more futuristic view of Macbeth but this time it uses actual warriors instead of vicious gangs of thugs, and they are actually fighting another country. We open on the wasteland with the witches. There are lots of bodies and old rubbish skips it looks as though there has been a battle fought here recently. We get a camera shot of the witches robbing the bodies anybody watching the scene can tell that these people are bad, evil almost as robbing the dead is frowned upon by anyone. The witches are dressed in rags and torn cloths they are grubby, they have rotten teeth and are wearing tacky plastic jewellery, They look like tramps. As they each say their lines we get a close up of each witch. ‘When shall we three meet again’ I can see a middle aged woman rushing to strip the riches of a dead body, when the witches are all finished talking to each other we see them running away from the bodies and disappearing into thin air. ‘there to meet with Macbeth’ Clutching watches in their hands. The camera then cuts a close up of Macbeth. This time Macbeth looks like I expected he looks strong, he looks like a warrior and he looks braver than the Macbeth we have seen from ‘Macbeth on the estate’. The camera cuts to scene two upon a hill in the country side with Duncan, Malcolm an Donalbain, Malcolms sons and Lennox standing talking, we are not told that is who they are but any one who has seen Macbeth before will know that this is who they are. With an explosion the Captain arrives war torn and bleeding, he staggers up the hill towards the group of man with his rifle slung over his back. His rifle is the currant issue weapon to the British Army so again it shows the modern aspect of the play. The Captain falls to the ground I front of the men, Duncan grabs hold of the Captain and shakes him. I can see that this Duncan is also more healthier than the king from ‘Macbeth on the estate’, he demands to know what is happening with the war and what about Macbeth. The Captain tells him that they have won the battle and that Macbeth has unseamed a mans body from his nave to his chops. The group all cheer at this they are all proud of their warrior Macbeth. Duncan then realises the Captain and orders someone to take a look at his wounds. Then with another explosion Angus and Ross appear they give the king the news of the Thane of Cawdor’s betrayal, king Duncan gives the order of the Thane to be killed and Macbeth to be given his title. They turn and leave down the hillside with their guns slung over their backs. The next scene begins in an original sort of way as Macbeth and Banquo riding down towards the wasteland on scramblers. This indeed is futuristic portrayal of the events, maybe the scramblers are there to represent the horses. They are now walking through the wasteland and spot the witches the viewers can now see that the witches’ predictions are true. Banquo spots them huddled around a fire and asks Macbeth what they are, Macbeth draws his gun and asks them to speak to him. They tell Macbeth his fortune and make paper crowns to symbolise the king, Macbeth is shocked by this and bites his nails, Banquo is questioning why Macbeth is worried and shocked by what the witches have to say. He then goes on to ask the witches what will become of him he seems happy. The witches then burn the crown in a nearby fire, they disappear in a star-trek like way again. Macbeth breaks out of his trance and calls for the witches to come back. I can see the power on his face he is almost annoyed that they are leaving it shows that he likes what they are saying. It’s like saying goodbye to all the things he has ever wished for. Almost as soon as the witches leave there is another gunshot as Ross and Angus arrive, Macbeth is told that he has become the thane, he still seems shaken by the witches and now he seems disturbed. He turns his back on Ross, Banquo and Angus, this is what he will go on to do later on in the play to betray all the ones he knows on his quest to be King. He has his gun pressed against his cheek, he likes the power of the gun it makes him feel power, something that he longs to have, and we can hear his thoughts ‘if chance will have me king, why chance may crown me, without my stir’ We can see instead of fighting everyone to become king he is waiting for chance to crown him, or make him king. He turns to his comrades and says ‘Till then enough – come now friends’ He calls them friends now but would he be calling them friends if he knew he was going to kill his best friend Banquo Out of the two screen versions I prefer this one it presents the Macbeth I think of when I read Shakespeare’s Macbeth. It shows good camera work to add to the effects. In this version the scenes are in the same order as the book unlike ‘Macbeth on the estate’ which muddles them around. I also think the witches are better portrayed as adults they seem more evil robbing the bodies. This Duncan is a good king I think this makes Macbeth seem even worse when he goes to kill him it shows that he is willing to kill good people to get where he wants to be. The war seems to be a proper war over land the way it would have been in Shakespeare’s time, not over drugs. This Screen version does portray Macbeth as the tragic hero I expected to see after first reading the book. Macbeth in both versions seems in a trance like state while the witches are around I think this is significant because the witches could be setting a spell on him.

Lying in Business Essay

Q.1: It is not always okay to lie in a business context. However, there will be very less specific circumstances that lies will be okay. Some time there will be the situation where we can lie it may be the case of help to others . In a business context, it might be okay, if liars have good purposes. For example, they are lying because they want to avoid a risking investment of the investor, and they are lying because they want to help the company from a bankruptcy. In short, it is okay to lie in a situation that lairs want to enhance business. But liars have to verify that it is not for their benefit, and it doesn’t interfere others in which they are involved. Q.2: It is not fair at all, if the managers fire their employees without thinking what the natures of the lie are. The lie may be have some advantage therefore manager should notice the outcome if not so then there will be many kinds of punishment given to the employees but fired is not only the solution. Some time employees knows the reason better than manager and have not to tell the manager because the managers might not understand the nature of the problem, and they will against the decisions. Sometimes, only the person who involved in the problem would understand the problem. Q.3:Â  Withholding information for your own advantage is the same as lying or not. It will be depended on the nature of the information. If the information is about deal or not deal, life or death, is basically a type of lying. The information itself will be interfered another parties and cause casualty damages to them, and the withholding party can gain benefit instead. However, if the information is for one’s party advantages but it does not interfere another party at all, this hidden information will not be considered as lying because the information is not necessary mean to another party. Q.4: In a business context, if someone has something to gain by lying, in my point of view there might be 90 to 95 percent of people. Because it is the nature of human beings when they see their benefit or they are gaining by lying then they don’t thought ever that it is wrong or it is against ethics. They are taking risk and have aggressive approach to have or to make more and more profit.

How Flight Control Systems Stabilize Rockets

How Flight Control Systems Stabilize Rockets Building an efficient rocket engine is only part of the problem. The rocket must also be stable in flight. A stable rocket is one that flies in a smooth, uniform direction. An unstable rocket flies along an erratic path, sometimes tumbling or changing direction. Unstable rockets are dangerous because its  not possible to predict where they’ll go – they may even turn upside down and suddenly head directly back to the launch pad. What Makes a Rocket Stable or Unstable? All matter has a point inside called the center of mass or â€Å"CM, regardless of its size, mass or shape. The center of mass is the exact spot where all the mass of that object is perfectly balanced. You can easily find the center of mass of an object - such as a ruler - by balancing it on your finger. If the material used to make the ruler is of uniform thickness and density, the center of mass should be at the halfway point between one end of the stick and the other. The CM would no longer be in the middle if a heavy nail was driven into one of its ends. The balance point would be nearer the end with the nail. CM is important in rocket flight because an unstable rocket tumbles around this point. In fact, any object in flight tends to tumble. If you throw a stick, it will tumble end over end. Throw a ball and it spins in flight. The act of spinning or tumbling stabilizes an object in flight. A Frisbee will go where you want it go to only if you throw it with a deliberate spin. Try throwing a Frisbee without spinning it and youll find that it flies in an erratic path and falls far short of its mark if you can even throw it at all.   Roll, Pitch and Yaw Spinning or tumbling takes place around one or more of three axes in flight: roll, pitch and yaw. The point where all three of these axes intersect is the center of mass. The pitch and yaw axes are the most important in rocket flight because any movement in either of these two directions can cause the rocket to go off course.  The roll axis is the least important because movement along this axis will not affect the flight path. In fact, a rolling motion will help stabilize the rocket the same way a properly passed football is stabilized by rolling or spiraling it in flight. Although a poorly passed football may still fly to its mark even if it tumbles rather than rolls, a rocket will not. The action-reaction energy of a football pass is completely expended by the thrower the moment the ball leaves his hand. With rockets, thrust from the engine is still produced while the rocket is in flight. Unstable motions about the pitch and yaw axes will cause the rocket to leave the planned course. A control system is needed to prevent or at least minimize unstable motions. The Center of Pressure Another important center that affects a rockets flight is its center of pressure or â€Å"CP.† The center of pressure exists only when air is flowing past the moving rocket. This flowing air, rubbing and pushing against the outer surface of the rocket, can cause it to begin moving around one of its three axes. Think of a weather vane, an arrow-like stick mounted on a rooftop and used for telling wind direction. The arrow is attached to a vertical rod that acts as a pivot point. The arrow is balanced so the center of mass is right at the pivot point. When the wind blows, the arrow turns and the head of the arrow points into the on-coming wind. The tail of the arrow points in the downwind direction. A weather vane arrow points into the wind because the tail of the arrow has a much larger surface area than the arrowhead. The flowing air imparts a greater force to the tail than the head so the tail is pushed away. There is a point on the arrow where the surface area is the same on one side as the other. This spot is called the center of pressure. The center of pressure is not in the same place as the center of mass. If it were, then neither end of the arrow would be favored by the wind. The arrow would not point. The center of pressure is between the center of mass and the tail end of the arrow. This means that the tail end has more surface area than the head end. The center of pressure in a rocket must be located toward the tail. The center of mass must be located toward the nose. If they are in the same place or very near each other, the rocket will be unstable in flight. It will try to rotate about the center of mass in the pitch and yaw axes, producing a dangerous situation. Control Systems Making a rocket stable requires some form of control system. Control systems  for rockets keep a rocket stable in flight and steer it. Small rockets usually require only a stabilizing control system. Large rockets, such as the ones that launch satellites into orbit, require a system that not only stabilizes the rocket but also enables it to change course while in flight. Controls on rockets can be either active or passive. Passive controls are fixed devices that keep rockets stabilized by their very presence on the rockets exterior. Active controls can be moved while the rocket is in flight to stabilize and steer the craft. Passive Controls The simplest of all passive controls is a stick. Chinese fire arrows  were simple rockets mounted on the ends of sticks that kept the center of pressure behind the center of mass. Fire arrows were notoriously inaccurate in spite of this. Air had to be flowing past the rocket before the center of pressure could take effect. While still on the ground and immobile, the arrow might lurch and fire the wrong way.   The accuracy of fire arrows was improved considerably years later by mounting them in a trough aimed in the proper direction. The trough guided the arrow until it was moving fast enough to become stable on its own. Another important improvement in rocketry came when sticks were replaced by clusters of lightweight fins mounted around the lower end near the nozzle. Fins could be made out of lightweight materials and be streamlined in shape. They gave rockets a dart-like appearance. The large surface area of the fins easily kept the center of pressure behind the center of mass. Some experimenters even bent the lower tips of the fins in a pinwheel fashion to promote rapid spinning in flight. With these spin fins, rockets become much more stable, but this design produced  more drag and limited the rockets range. Active Controls The weight of the rocket is a critical factor in performance and range. The original fire arrow stick added too much dead weight to the rocket and therefore limited its range considerably. With the beginning of modern rocketry in the 20th century, new ways were sought to improve rocket stability and at the same time reduce overall rocket weight.  The answer was the development of active controls. Active control systems included vanes, movable fins, canards, gimbaled nozzles, vernier rockets, fuel injection and attitude-control rockets.   Tilting fins and canards are quite similar to each other in appearance - the  only real difference is their location on the rocket. Canards are mounted on the front end while tilting fins are at the rear. In flight, the fins and canards tilt like rudders to deflect the air flow and cause the rocket to change course. Motion sensors on the rocket detect unplanned directional changes, and corrections can be made by slightly tilting the fins and canards. The advantage of these two devices is their size and weight. They are smaller and lighter and produce less drag than large fins. Other active control systems can eliminate fins and canards altogether. Course changes can be made in flight by tilting the angle at which the exhaust gas leaves the rocket’s engine. Several techniques can be used for changing exhaust direction.  Vanes are small finlike devices placed inside the exhaust of the rocket engine. Tilting the vanes deflects the exhaust, and by action-reaction the rocket responds by pointing the opposite way.   Another method for changing the exhaust direction is to gimbal the nozzle. A gimbaled nozzle is one that is able to sway while exhaust gases are passing through it. By tilting the engine nozzle in the proper direction, the rocket responds by changing course. Vernier rockets can also be used to change direction. These are small rockets mounted on the outside of the large engine. They fire when needed, producing the desired course change. In space, only spinning the rocket along the roll axis or using active controls involving the engine exhaust can stabilize the rocket or change its direction. Fins and canards have nothing to work upon without air. Science fiction movies showing rockets in space with wings and fins are long on fiction and short on science. The most common kinds of active controls used in space are attitude-control rockets. Small clusters of engines are mounted all around the vehicle. By firing the right combination of these small rockets, the vehicle can be turned in any direction. As soon as they are aimed properly, the main engines fire, sending the rocket off in the new direction.   The Mass of the Rocket The mass of a rocket is another important factor affecting its performance. It can make the difference between a successful flight and wallowing around on the launch pad. The rocket engine must produce a thrust that is greater than the total mass of the vehicle before the rocket can leave the ground. A rocket with a lot of unnecessary mass will not be as efficient as one that is trimmed to just the bare essentials. The total mass of the vehicle should be distributed following this general formula for an ideal rocket:   Ninety-one percent of the total mass  should be propellants.Three percent should be tanks, engines and fins.Payload can account for 6 percent. Payloads may be satellites, astronauts or spacecraft that will travel to other planets or moons. In determining the effectiveness of a rocket design, rocketeers speak in terms of mass fraction or â€Å"MF.† The mass of the rocket’s propellants divided by the total mass of the rocket gives mass fraction:  MF (Mass of Propellants)/(Total Mass) Ideally, the mass fraction of a rocket is 0.91. One might think that an MF of 1.0 is perfect, but then the entire rocket would be nothing more than a lump of propellants that would ignite into a fireball. The larger the MF number, the less payload the rocket can carry. The smaller the MF number, the less its range becomes. An MF number of 0.91 is a good balance between payload-carrying capability and range. The Space Shuttle has an MF of approximately 0.82. The MF varies between the different orbiters in the Space Shuttle fleet and with the different payload weights of each mission. Rockets that are large enough to carry spacecraft  into space have serious weight problems. A great deal of propellant is needed for them to reach space and find proper orbital velocities. Therefore, the tanks, engines and associated hardware become larger. Up to a point, bigger rockets fly farther than smaller rockets, but when they become too large their structures weigh them down too much. The mass fraction is reduced to an impossible number. A solution to this problem can be credited to 16th-century fireworks maker Johann Schmidlap. He attached small rockets to the top of big ones. When the large rocket was exhausted, the rocket casing was dropped behind and the remaining rocket fired. Much higher altitudes were achieved. These rockets used by Schmidlap were called step rockets. Today, this technique of building a rocket is called staging. Thanks to staging, it has become possible not only to reach outer space but the moon and other planets, too. The Space Shuttle follows the step rocket principle by dropping off its solid rocket boosters and external tank when they’re exhausted of propellants.

Max and Inflection Points of Chi-Square Distribution

Max and Inflection Points of Chi-Square Distribution Mathematical statistics uses techniques from various branches of math to prove definitively that statements regarding statistics are true. We will see how to use calculus to determine the values mentioned above of both the maximum value of the chi-square distribution, which corresponds to its mode, as well as find the inflection points of the distribution.   Before doing this, we will discuss the features of maxima and inflection points in general. We will also examine a method to calculate a maximum the inflection points. How to Calculate a Mode with Calculus For a discrete set of data, the mode is the most frequently occurring value. On a histogram of the data, this would be represented by the highest bar. Once we know the highest bar, we look at the data value that corresponds to the base for this bar. This is the mode for our data set.   The same idea is used in working with a continuous distribution. This time to find the mode, we look for the highest peak in the distribution. For a graph of this distribution, the height of the peak is a y value. This y value is called a maximum for our graph because the value is greater than any other y value. The mode is the value along the horizontal axis that corresponds to this maximum y-value.   Although we can simply look at a graph of a distribution to find the mode, there are some problems with this method. Our accuracy is only as good as our graph, and we are likely to have to estimate. Also, there may be difficulties in graphing our function. An alternate method that requires no graphing is to use calculus. The method we will use is as follows: Start with the probability density function f (x) for our distribution.  Calculate the first and second derivatives of this function: f (x) and f (x)Set this first derivative equal to zero f (x) 0.Solve for x.Plug the value(s) from the previous step into the second derivative and evaluate. If the result is negative, then we have a local maximum at the value x.Evaluate our function f (x) at all of the points x from the previous step.  Evaluate the probability density function on any endpoints of its support. So if the function has domain given by the closed interval [a,b], then evaluate the function at the endpoints a and b.The largest value in steps 6 and 7 will be the absolute maximum of the function. The x value where this maximum occurs is the mode of the distribution. Mode of the Chi-Square Distribution Now we go through the steps above to calculate the mode of the chi-square distribution with r degrees of freedom. We start with the probability density function f(x) that is displayed in the image in this article. f (x) K xr/2-1e-x/2 Here K is a constant that involves the gamma function and a power of 2. We do not need to know the specifics (however we can refer to the formula in the image for these). The first derivative of this function is given by using the product rule as well as the chain rule: f ( x ) K (r/2 - 1)xr/2-2e-x/2 - (K / 2) xr/2-1e-x/2 We set this derivative equal to zero, and factor the expression on the right-hand side: 0 K  xr/2-1e-x/2  [(r/2 - 1)x-1 - 1/2] Since the constant K, the exponential function and xr/2-1   are all nonzero, we can divide both sides of the equation by these expressions.   We then have: 0 (r/2 - 1)x-1 - 1/2 Multiply both sides of the equation by 2: 0 (r - 2)x-1 - 1 Thus 1 (r - 2)x-1 and we conclude by having x r - 2. This is the point along the horizontal axis where the mode occurs.   It indicates the x value of the peak of our chi-square distribution. How to Find an Inflection Point with Calculus Another feature of a curve deals with the way that it curves. Portions of a curve can be concave up, like an upper case U. Curves can also be concave down, and shaped like an   intersection symbol ∠©. Where the curve changes from concave down to concave up, or vice versa we have an inflection point. The second derivative of a function detects the concavity of the graph of the function. If the second derivative is positive, then the curve is concave up. If the second derivative is negative, then the curve is concave down. When the second derivative is equal to zero and the graph of the function changes concavity, we have an inflection point. In order to find the inflection points of a graph we: Calculate the second derivative of our function f (x).Set this second derivative equal to zero.Solve the equation from the previous step for x. Inflection Points for the Chi-Square Distribution Now we see how to work through the above steps for the chi-square distribution. We begin by differentiating. From the above work, we saw that the first derivative for our function is: f (x) K (r / 2 - 1) xr/2-2e-x/2 - (K / 2) xr/2-1e-x/2 We differentiate again, using the product rule twice. We have: f ( x ) K (r / 2 - 1) (r / 2 - 2)xr/2-3e-x/2 - (K / 2)(r / 2 - 1)xr/2-2e-x/2 (K / 4) xr/2-1e-x/2 - (K / 2)(r / 2 - 1) xr/2-2e-x/2 We set this equal to zero and divide both sides by Ke-x/2 0 (r/2 - 1)(r/2 - 2)xr/2-3 - (1 / 2)(r/2 - 1)xr/2-2 (1/ 4) xr/2-1 - (1/ 2)(r/2 - 1) xr/2-2 By combining like terms we have: (r/2 - 1)(r/2 - 2)xr/2-3 - (r/2 - 1)xr/2-2 (1/ 4) xr/2-1 Multiply both sides by 4x3 - r/2, this gives us: 0 (r - 2)(r - 4) - (2r - 4)x x2. The quadratic formula can now be used to solve for x. x [(2r - 4) /- [(2r - 4)2 - 4  (r - 2)(r - 4) ]1/2]/2 We expand the terms that are taken to the 1/2 power and see the following: (4r2 -16r 16) - 4 (r2 -6r 8) 8r - 16 4(2r - 4) This means that: x [(2r - 4) /- [(4(2r - 4) ]1/2]/2 (r - 2) /- [2r - 4]1/2 From this we see that there are two inflection points. Moreover, these points are symmetric about the mode of the distribution as (r - 2) is halfway between the two inflection points. Conclusion We see how both of these features are related to the number of degrees of freedom. We can use this information to help in the sketching of a chi-square distribution. We can also compare this distribution with others, such as the normal distribution. We can see that the inflection points for a chi-square distribution occur in different places than the inflection points for the normal distribution.

Mobile Phones Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Mobile Phones - Essay Example However, it was only in the late 80’s that the first commercial or hand held mobile phone was introduced to the world by Motorola, at a very high price range, targeting only the elite class. The handsets were massive, inconvenient to use but still they reflected status and style symbol. The first generation cellular system was the Nordic Mobile Telephone System (NTMS) launched in 1981 in Finland, featuring fully automatic options and international roaming as a huge incentive. It was in 1990 that the first digital cellular phone was launched in a smaller size, though used mainly for making and receiving calls while on the move. Today it’s a different scenario with cell phones. The kind of handsets with the kinds of features made available, it has made gigantic leaps in terms of technology improvement. One can do almost anything with it, take pictures, make videos, chat with friends, and send messages and many other features. Over 798 million people today access internet or mobile internet services using a mobile phone. Mobile phones today have become an inseparable part of our society. It can be considered one of the best inventions man has made so far. It is the perfect communication tool with distance issues getting resolved with just one click of a button. It has proved most valuable in any emergency situations. We never know when we or our loved ones may be in an emergency situation; this is the best mode to communicate (Castells, 2007). It is also very functional for business people and trading companies as they can be in touch with their clients all the time. Today businesses are promoted through calls on mobiles and using the Short Messaging Services (SMS). Latest updates, news, online transactions are all easily accessible through mobile phones. Any kind of business can be done over the phone, be it share business or real estate or the local florist, everything is available on the click of a button. Mobile phones are of